Free Essays on Bank Merger

Dynamic This paper examines the bank merger between Memphis based National Bank of Commerce (National Commerce Financial-Holding Company) and Sun Trust Bank (Sun Trust, Inc. â€Holding Company). This paper doesn't look to introduce proof in help or against the merger. It only supplies an audit of every establishment and an informed expectation of coming about element. This paper depends on data generally picked up from showcasing as well as writing from every point of view bank’s site, handouts or different deals mediums instead of information approved by a free outsider. Generally, we stress that while economy of scale gives the budgetary soundness important to the elements to contend in today’s money related markets in the US and comprehensively, there stays a requirement for Memphis-based â€Å"community champions† which are straightforwardly centered around serving the necessities of neighborhood customers. Presentation Some investigation today proposes that one the reasons for the Great Depression in the U.S. was bank over rivalry. This was settled to some degree through the death of the Glass-Steagall Act, which constrained monetary firms to pick among discount and retail banking likewise called Money Centers, and the 1928 McFadden Act which precluded interstate banking. In spite of the fact that this prohibitive condition was intended to lessen rivalry, it brought about the developing enthusiasm of bank mergers among enormous banks. This happened when the Money-focus banks started moving concentration from customers to enormous stores. This pattern developed so pervasive that cash place banks began battling with the Federal Reserve during the 1960s over their capacity to get to bought assets through the recently made store instruments, for example, debatable CDs. The battle finished with the enormous banks increasing unhampered access to huge stores, both in the US and Europe. The opposition brought about a purchasers advertise where high loan costs were forcefully advertised. High financing costs... Free Essays on Bank Merger Free Essays on Bank Merger Conceptual This paper talks about the bank merger between Memphis based National Bank of Commerce (National Commerce Financial-Holding Company) and Sun Trust Bank (Sun Trust, Inc. â€Holding Company). This paper doesn't look to introduce proof in help or against the merger. It only supplies an audit of every establishment and an informed expectation of coming about element. This paper depends on data for the most part picked up from showcasing as well as writing from every point of view bank’s site, handouts or different deals mediums as opposed to information approved by an autonomous outsider. In general, we stress that while economy of scale gives the monetary strength important to the substances to contend in today’s budgetary markets in the US and internationally, there stays a requirement for Memphis-based â€Å"community champions† which are straightforwardly centered around serving the necessities of neighborhood customers. Presentation Some investigation today recommends that one the reasons for the Great Depression in the U.S. was bank over rivalry. This was tackled to some degree through the death of the Glass-Steagall Act, which constrained budgetary firms to pick among discount and retail banking likewise called Money Centers, and the 1928 McFadden Act which denied interstate banking. Despite the fact that this prohibitive condition was intended to lessen rivalry, it brought about the developing enthusiasm of bank mergers among huge banks. This happened when the Money-focus banks started moving concentration from purchasers to enormous stores. This pattern developed so predominant that cash community banks began battling with the Federal Reserve during the 1960s over their capacity to get to bought assets through the recently made store instruments, for example, debatable CDs. The battle finished with the enormous banks increasing unrestricted access to huge stores, both in the US and Europe. The opposition brought about a purchasers showcase where high financing costs were forcefully advertised. High loan costs...

Easy Topics For Persuasive Essay Writing

Easy Topics For Persuasive Essay WritingIf you are looking for easy topics for persuasive essay writing, you should know that a good topic is not just some subject of interest that can be quoted in your academic works. It is important to have a basis for the topic in order to make it a good one. But for a successful one, it must not just be what you think. You need to think of it in a way that will attract attention.In case you are doing research papers or any kind of research work, you should know that attention grabbing topic will lead you to gaining the desired information. The topic should include all possible means of attracting people's attention. You do not need to be too complicated topic can be simply chosen.However, when it comes to creating topics for your essays, there are some easy topics for persuasive essay writing that you can have. You can start by thinking about topics that you are already familiar with or topics that can be easily found on the Internet. Keep in min d that you can also create a topic that is totally made up.If you do not want to keep the topics simple, you can still make an easy topic for persuasive essay writing by combining two topics together. There are so many easy topics for persuasive essay writing that you can combine two things.For example, if you want to write an essay on organizational skills and marketing, you can use the idea of sales. And this is why using the idea of sales can be a good one for easy topics for persuasive essay writing.When you use the idea of sales, you can create another idea of a title of your essay, as a topic and finally as an introduction. By adding a line to the title, you can make a link between the title and the rest of the essay.After you have chosen these three ideas, you need to set a time for writing the essay. Make sure that you have a clear understanding of how long it will take you and the quality of the topics you are going to write.Remember that when it comes to easy topics for pe rsuasive essay writing, the most important thing is to make sure that you think before you write. Be prepared and have your topics done in advance.

An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge Essay

An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge - Essay Example Plato welcomes us to envision a gathering of long lasting occupants of a jail cavern with no information what so ever of the outside world. At the point when shadows show up on the dividers of the cavern the occupants take them to be genuine substances without realizing that the shadows are really those presented by the people outside. This clarification of Plato coordinates towards the way that â€Å"most of us live in obliviousness more often than not. The most noticeably terrible of this circumstance is that we don't realize we are ignorant†. (Mitchell, 2008) reality that we see, accordingly, is by all accounts abstract to our experience and conditioning.The enthusiastic conditions of our inward being decide the manner in which we see the outside world. Incredible verse works are slanted to this specific phenomenology. Writer Matthew Arnold, once, sitting over the edge of Dover Beach guaranteed the â€Å"grating roar† of the stones that the ocean flung to and fro ove r the sea shore to have brought the â€Å"eternal note of misery in†(stanza 1). The pulling back of the ocean from the coast just helps him to remember the numbness of individuals and their reducing confidence in god. It is the melancholic and miserable condition of the poet’s mind that causes him to view the ocean likewise as tragic. For a pitiful individual, even a splendid bright green day will give off an impression of being exhausting while for a glad individual, even a stormy, shady or a bleak day may seem, by all accounts, to be merry! Contrasts happen among people in transit we sincerely respond to specific circumstances. Temper-situated individuals needn't bother with quite a bit of motivation to go haywire out of frustration while for those profoundly and ethically slanted people, even the most irritating conditions may be prevailed upon by absolution. How we take things, along these lines, involves our abstract enthusiastic state. The explanation that we gua rantee for any incident is absolutely controlled by the sort of outlook we have been raised with.

Study On Mortgage Lending Patterns In China - Free Essay Example

Introduction Objective Why study this issue organisation of the dissertation With Chinas rapid economic development, urbanization advance, driven by domestic demand and improved living standards, the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ demand for housing improvement has been increasing. In the foreseeable future, China will have a thriving real estate development space and potential. Financial support is necessary for real estate development, especially housing mortgage loans. For Commercial Banks in China, this is a huge cake and cheese. The one with best risk-management abilities and tools will be able to gain more market share. This dissertation take China Merchants Bank as case study on the design, methods, processes, data, development and verification of housing mortgage loans scoring card, propose home mortgage loans scorecard model, and be used effective and widely. Literature Review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Credit Scoring/Sub-prime crisis Mortgage contracts/types of mortgages Credit Scoring technologies are used to control levels of default within american consumer credit. And such technologies have been involved with its own methodological, procedural and temporal risks. And periodic renewal of models and constant reappraisal of methods and procedures are required in accessing the risk. Through testing a diffusion model of techbology adoption for the financial services industry, we find that banking organizations that are more centralized in their organizational structure and those located in the New York Federal Reserve district adpted small business credit scoring before their peers. The former is due to the influence of organizational structure on technology adoption, and the latter is consistent with theories of geography-dependent innovation diffusion. Race is influential to the mortgage lending disicion in USA. However, it is not important in China. Profession and income level have greater effect on the probability of getting the loan. I will dev elop another critiria to understand the pattern in China based on the study of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understanding Mortgage Lending Patternsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Issac F. Megbolugbe. Background of mortgage lending in China Strong growth in Chinas housing markets. The housing mortgage in China is not very old in comparison to others. 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Ã…  Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬â€œ95à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½?à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã…’†°Ãƒ ¦? ­Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ §Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ©Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ »Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ 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¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â€Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã ƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦? ®Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¹Ãƒ ©? ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸?à ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ³Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ China Merchants Bank (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“CMBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) is one of the first bank engaged in studying and adopting credit scoring model in China since 2004. In 2007, CMB developed its mortgage loan application scoring model, and the model was applied countrywide to all its 700 branches next year. In 2009, with the progress of Basel II Accord implementing in Chinese banking industry, CMB developed its application scoring model, behavior scoring model, collection scoring model of mortgage loan, auto loan, personal consumption loan in succession to measure and manage its risk in a more accurate way. As for now, scoring model systems are used in the bank to cover over 95 percent of loan business in retail banking sector through various process including loan application, marketing, pricing, after sale management, default loan collection, etc. CMBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mortgage loan application scoring model uses the same methodology as that in those active European and American banks. By collecting debtorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk characteristics information, shaping its default definition and performance period, utilizing logistic regression based on 0/1 distribution of dependent variable, using KS statistical analysis to test the modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s predictive capability, the scoring model was finally established. Due to the difference in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political, economic and cultural environment with western countries, CMBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit scoring model also differs in its design details from European and American banks. With the relatively short history in studying an d adopting credit scoring model in Chinese banking industry, some shortfalls in date collection was also in existence and will be reflected in the independent risk variables as the result of the credit scoring model. For example, CMB generated different scoring model for different regional segmentation in its model designing period. The reason relies on the unbalanced economical development and different demographical characteristics and risk characteristics through over the country. The risk characteristics like age, income can have totally different impact to the credit scoring model. In some cities, elder applicant represents high income level and stable economic status, thus the possibility of loan default is low. While in some other cities, younger applicant can get financial support from the whole family, thus means lower risk of this type of applicants. However, European banks usually apply only one consistent model in one country. For some small banks, one consistent mode l will be applied even in several countries due to the lack of adequate sample date and similar economic and cultural environment. Another example is that the demographical information in CMB sample data is not so credible as that for Western Banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Most of the demographical information in CMB data comes from the application form which is filled out by applicants themselves. Some demographical information, like income, marital status, could not be verified through any official credit agency. In some occasions, applicants may exaggerate their income level or distort their marital status to meet the credit approval requirement of the bank. So the authenticity of the date could not guaranteed, and the bank must use those information cautiously. The relationship manager of the bank always need to assess their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ risk level by using the tools bank provided or with their own experience, but the assessment result are usually not quantitative ou tput and can not be used in building the credit scoring models. While for European and American banks, the authoritative credit agencies provided a transparent and credible information environment. Banks can cheaply and conveniently access to the credit agencies for demographical information of applicants, including age, dwelling address, telephone number, period in current employment, household income, other outstanding loan, default record and tax information, and those electric information can be downloaded and integrated into the banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ database system for the purpose of building the credit scoring model. To compare the credit scoring model development process in CMB and CITI Bank of USA, (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“CITIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?), we found the same basic methodology are adopted, both banks using logistic regression to create their mortgage application scoring models, the default definition and performance period are quite close, and KS tes ting, out-of-sample testing and cross-time testing are all applied to validate the modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness. The main discrepancy rest with the date sample date sector and can be sorted as follows: Firstly, the sample date is easily accessible from credit agencies for Citi bank, and the bank use extensively those date in its model building process. There are more than 1000 credit agencies in USA and mostly of them are subjected to three most authoritative credit agencies: Experian, TransUnion and Equifax. Citi bank receives credit information both directly from Experian and from their outsourcing credit enquiry companies in Georgia and South Dakota. But for Chinese banks, including CMB, the one and only credit information channel is the PBOC(Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bank of China) Credit Center established few years ago. This official credit agency started to provide its credit query service to commercial banks only in 2008. Due to its limited history, more than ha lf of the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population are still excluded from outside the system. For many applicants, Credit Center could neither verify their demographical information nor find credit record for them. Furthermore, the credit query service do not provide mass electronic date but only printable date, thus made the integration of query results with banks database an impossible mission. Secondly, for Citi bank, some demographical information, like race, gender, canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be used in credit scoring model development due to the restriction of laws and regulations. Otherwise, the discrimination between loan applicants with different races or genders may cause serious consequences such as lawsuit against the bank. But there is not such limitation in both Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s banking regulations and traditional morality, the bank could use such information to discriminate their customers in the credit scoring model if only they have enough predictive ability and business sense. Thirdly, in Citi bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit scoring model, the information of refusal debtorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are also deemed as sample date, thus provide a new dimension to analysis the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ risk characteristics. The bank may summarize rules from the risk characteristics of those rejected applicants and adopted into the credit approval guidelines for further practice operations. CMB did not reserve any information about rejected applicant in past so that its credit scoring system did not involve any reject inference activity. Recently, CMB has started to collect information about rejected applicant, but the information canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be used in adjust the model only when they accumulated to a certain amount after about five years. Generally speaking, CMB has already established a series of credit scoring model to cover its retail banking business including mortgage loan by using universal methodology. However, the date col lection is one of its main shortages for the bank to improve the quality of its modelling practice. 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¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °?à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã … ½Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦? ®Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬?à ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã…“â‚ ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥?‚à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ©Ã†â€™Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ªÃ…’à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2010à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´6à ¦Ã…“ˆÃ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦?à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦?à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½?à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡?à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ µÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ·Ã…’30à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ½?à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã…’†°Ãƒ ¦? ­Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸?à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¥?†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ©?Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢?à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ©Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾?à ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’–à ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ³Ãƒ £Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s housing market reform started in year 1988, but it was not until 1995 that Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s central bank PBOC issued its first regulation in individual household loan area. This Provisional Code of Housing Loan on Commercial Banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Account set the minimum mortgage down payment ratio at 30%, the maximum term of mortgage loan at 10 years, the mortgage interest rate is a preferential rate to the benchmark of fixed assets loan. In 1999, PBOC issued A Number of Views on Encouraging the Development of Consumption Loans, in which the loan to value rate loosened to 80%, the maximum term of mortgage loan to 30 years, and the lowest preferential interest rate can be 10% discount on benchmark. In 2003, PBOC issued Notice on Further Enhance Real Estate Loan Management, in which reaffirmed the 20% minimum down payment, raise the interest rate of mortgage loan to benchmark. The Notice brings forward the new concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…†œsecond set of houseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, to which the bank should raise the down payment and interest rate level to the debtor. In recent years, the skyrocketing real estate prices in China bring worries on assets bubbles in public and accumulated risks to mortgage loans and real estate loan. The central bank and CBRC (China Banking Regulatory Commission) constituted and enacted several regulations to guide the mortgage business with most of the measures hooked on down payment ratio and interest rate. Generally speaking, for purchase of the first set of house, the down payment requirement is at least 20% and the interest rate are relatively flexible; for purchase of the second set of house, the down payment requirement is at least 30% and the interest rate at benchmark. The relatively loosen policy was deems as one of the important drives to boost the house price to an irrational high level now in many Chinese big cities. To curb housing market speculation, the State Council announce d in April, 2010 that: 1. The minimum down payment ratio is lifted to 30% for the first set of house purchase if the area is more than 90 square meters; 2. Second set of house buyers must pay at least 50% of the value for mortgage down payment, and the interest rate are at least 1.1 times of benchmark; 3. Higher down payment ratio and interest rates are required for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“three of more setà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of house purchase. Analyst believe the mortgage loan demand should be negatively impacted but within a limited range, and the lifted down payment ratio would provide better buffer for housing pricing decline, which would benefit loan quality. As for the banking regulations specific in the credit scoring system, it was not until 1997 CBRC released several regulatory guidelines successively along with the Basel II Accord implementation progress in Chinese banking industry. One of the most important is the Internal Rating System Regulatory Guideline, in which principle guidel ines for building internal rating system are provided for commercial banks. Being a vital part of internal rating system, credit scoring system is also regulated by these guidelines, and the main principles on credit scoring system in the guidelines are as follows: The burden is on the bank to satisfy its supervisor that a model or procedure has good predictive power and that regulatory capital requirements will not be distorted as a result of its use. The variables that are input to the model must form a reasonable set of predictors. The model must be accurate on average across the range of borrowers or facilities to which the bank is exposed and there must be no known material biases. The bank must have in place a process for vetting data inputs into a statistical prediction model which includes an assessment of the accuracy, completeness and appropriateness of the data specific to the assignment of an approved rating. The bank must demonstrate that the data used to build the model are representative of the population of the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actual borrowers or facilities. When combining model results with human judgement, the judgement must take into account all relevant and material information not considered by the model. The bank must have written guidance describing how human judgement and model results are to be combined. The bank must have procedures for human review of model-based rating assignments. Such procedures should focus on finding and limiting errors associated with known model weaknesses and must also include credible ongoing efforts to improve the modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance. The bank must have a regular cycle of model validation that includes monitoring of model performance and stability; review of model relationships; and testing of model outputs against outcomes. The bank should clearly know the basic assumptions of the model and assess the consistency between the assumptions and current economic or market conditions. The bank must demonstrate that economic or market conditions that underlie the data are relevant to current and foreseeable conditions. If current conditions change, the bank should ensure that the model can adapt the changed conditions. If model can not meet the request, the bank must adjust model conservatively. The above are all regulation items about credit scoring system. We can see those regulation items are mostly principle-based. The process and method of building credit scoring system are in compliance with the guideline on the whole. Although the banking regulations on credit scoring system are roughly and fundamentally, CBRC has always kept a close watch on the credit scoring model construction in the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest six commercial banks including CMB. Stringent and strict on-site assessment has been carried out by CBRC throughout the whole process of date collection, model design to parameter results to ensure the appropriate a doption of the models. In June 2010, CBRC urgently request various state-owned commercial banks, joint-stock commercial banks as well as the city commercial banks with asset size over 500 billion yuan to start self-examination for real estate loans, and conduct stress testings especially in mortgage loan business. The result shows that even under highest stress scenario that the house price drop 30% from present level, the real estate related loans will maintain good quality, and the NPL (non-performing loan) ratio for mortgage loans will increase less than 1% for the whole banking industry. It is believed that the relatively high down payment ratio and the traditional credit culture in China contributed to such a released consolable result. Comparison of China/US/UK banking regulation and default risk Mortgage lending in China is safer and more stable than that in US. Conclusions

The French Revolution And The Enlightenment - 1708 Words

Enlightenment in Europe was a period in which ideas were legitimately from one country to another. It is also known as civilization time where traditional authority was put to the question while embracing the notion of humanity to improve human change. The French revolution was directly in motivation by Enlightenment ideals which marked a peak of its influence and a beginning of its fall. The Enlightenment s imperative of the seventeenth-century forerunners incorporated the Englishmen Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes, the Frenchman Renee Descartes and the important characteristic logicians of the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo, Kepler, and Leibniz. The civilization called for changes in different parts of Europe and America than†¦show more content†¦There were several causes of the historical events. As it is discoverable, there are several causes of enlightenment that mostly include politics, improved education, and religion. Politics into if they wanted economic improvement and political changes that were believed to be possible. It was the people s will, and rulers provisions in enlightening to centralize authority that will improve their land. Their prime target was their nation development above everything else. For example in France, there were wars of Louis XIV that left debts and more of disturbance to the economy that needs for administrative reform was urgent and necessary. There was the development of numerous scholars who began to compose themes that identified with government, legislative issues and composers. Individuals read the compositions and now started pondering the works. They additionally thought of their assessments successive to being enlightened. The political cause had the following effect on enlightenment regime; it usually ended the privileges of the goodness. They also came with another view of slavery as barbaric. Improved education was also another cause of enlightenment a s a growth of print culture led to the circulation of ideas faster through books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets. As a matter of fact, some Scholars like Isaac Newton and John Locke’s became the basis of Enlightenment in which their ideas were put to the public. Newton s revelations inShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pageshands of the people. Through bloodshed, the radical actions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of achieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginning of modern history. The French revolution playing a role in furthering Enlightenment, will led to a chain of events that will change the course of theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment was an extensiv e intellectual, philosophical, and cultural movement that spread throughout Europe, predominantly England, France and Germany during the 18th century. The Scientific Revolution, which began in the 16th century, gave way to a new and revolutionary way of thinking. It encouraged independent thought, the capacity to ask questions, and a progressive attitude. Additionally, the enlightenment arose during a time when there was absolute monarchy and an extremely powerfulRead MoreEnlightenment and the French Revolution1227 Words   |  5 PagesName Subject Professor Date Enlightenment Influence on Political, Social and Cultural Policies of French Revolutionary Period. The age of enlightenment led by influential intellectuals during the 18th century Europe greatly inspired the French citizens, especially the peasants, leading to the revolutionary period culminating from 1789 to 1799. The enlightenment is hailed as the foundation of today’s western political and intellectual culture.1 Growth of liberal democracies and democraciesRead MoreEnlightenment During The French Revolution1423 Words   |  6 Pages Enlightenment during The French Revolution: Two of the Greatest Eras Working Together Without Knowing Molly Dauk Honors World History Mrs. Bartosik May 5, 2017 The Enlightenment and the French Revolution, two of the most enriched periods of history, probably never to be left out of the history books. The French Revolution was influenced greatly by the Age of Reason. 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The Enlightenment was one was the most important intellectual movements in History, as it dominated and influenced the way people thought in Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. We will look at how it ultimately influenced the American and French Revolution which is still strongly governed by these ideas and principles today. The Age of Enlightenment was a European movement emphasizing reasoning and individualism ratherRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Age Of Enlightenment854 Words   |  4 PagesBorn of two fathers, the American Revolution and the age of enlightenment, the French revolution was primarily a social upheaval that conspired to overthrow religious and privileged classes. The French Revolution changed the degree to which the people were willing to suffer and sacrifice in order to achieve their war aims through democratizing the Army and creating the necessity of larger political alliances than ever before. 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The Conventional Scope Of Economics - 2420 Words

Introduction The word monopoly originates from the Greek words ‘monos (single)’ and ‘polein (sell)’ (Wikipedia, 2014), thus, it means a market with only one seller. Being the sole producer a monopolist is alleviated from many constraints faced by traditional sellers. This paper will examine monopolies in through market pricing and strategies in the face of government regulations. It will examine Standard’s Oil monopoly in the US and the role of government regulation to break down the monopoly. It will also examine the recent use of anti-trust laws in China to examine the role of regulations on monopolists. Theoretical Review Classical economics is built on the metaphor of the invisible hand and principles of supply and demand.†¦show more content†¦Monopolists derive their demand curve from the average revenue which is the price they receive per unit. To choose a profit maximizing output level monopolists use marginal revenue which is the change in revenue per unit increase. Since monopolists are the only seller in the market they are not affected by a supply a curve but by their marginal costs. Monopolists maximize their profits by equating their marginal revenue to their marginal costs. The golden rule for pricing for a monopolist is to ensure the price is higher than the marginal costs, but by an amount that is inversely related to demand so as to offset the traditional rules. This golden rule helps in understanding why monopolies occur in certain sectors which are very inelastic. The next section will provide a brief overview of the Standard Oil Monopoly. Standard Oil-Overview In the real world it would be impossible to imagine a monopoly pertaining to anyone sector or industry, at best there can be influential firms. Standard Oil, however was the exception to that it is exemplary of the word monopoly. This section will provide a brief history of Standard Oil and the monopoly it had over US oil. The company was founded by John D. Rockefeller often dubbed as the wealthiest man in history in 1870, and within ten years he

Systematic Meta Analyses Randomized Trials -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Systematic Meta Analyses Randomized Trials? Answer: Introduction The discussion is true in identifying the conduction of randomized controlled trials as the common scientific procedure for determining the effectiveness of the psychological interventions that are applied upon patients. This can be confirmed by the fact that RCTs provide reliable scientific evidence by eliminating different forms of spurious causality in the results (Bolier et al. 2013). Effects of psychological interventions are most often undetectable when applied on a single or group of individuals. However, studying the effects systematically on a larger population helps to determine the results in a better way. Statements present in the discussion against RCT are confirmed by the fact that the complexity of all biological organisms contribute to differences in their response to stimulus, thereby resulting in unreliable clinical reports. However, the discussion is true in identifying the pitfalls of randomized controlled trials (Deaton and Cartwright 2017). These trials most often fail to achieve heterogeneity among the respondents. Furthermore, in order to achieve statistically significant results, the trials should be conducted on larger population. Moreover, accuracy of the discussion is also established by the fact that practitioner related moderators are found to contribute and directly influence therapeutic outcomes by fostering sense of self-efficacy and h ope in the patients (da Costa and Jni 2014). Furthermore, social impairment, distress and ability of researchers to verbalise feelings, while conducting an RCT may also produce misleading results. Thus, it can be said that the discussion was appropriate in illustrating the limitations of RCTs in psychotherapies. Therefore, there is a need to conduct large scale research in order to estimate psychotherapy outcomes on a population. References Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G.J., Riper, H., Smit, F. and Bohlmeijer, E., 2013. Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.BMC public health,13(1), p.119. da Costa, B.R. and Jni, P., 2014. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized trials: principles and pitfalls.European heart journal,35(47), pp.3336-3345. Deaton, A. and Cartwright, N., 2017. Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials.Social Science Medicine. Retrieved from- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617307359